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Glucokinase

Glucokinase (GCK, hexokinase IV) is a monomeric enzyme that catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate, the first and rate-limiting step of glycolysis in the liver and pancreas. In humans, GCK is primarily produced in pancreatic β-cells and liver hepatoparenchymal cells. Within pancreatic β-cells, GCK acts to maintain glucose homeostasis by governing the rate of insulin secretion, while in the liver GCK participates in glycogen synthesis. GCK regulation is complex and a number of unique regulatory strategies have been discovered. Alternative and tissue-specific promoters drive GCK transcription and gene expression to varying degrees. Phosphofructokinase-2/fructose bisphosphatase-2 (PFK-2/FBPase- 2) is an enzyme responsible for the synthesis and degradation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, an important allosteric regulator of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. . As PFK-2/FBPase-2 is expressed in both liver hepatocytes and pancreatic β-cells, it contributes to GCK regulation in both organs. GCK resides in a mitochondrial-associated complex contains BCL 2-associated death promoter (BAD), protein kinase A (PKA, cAMP-dependent protein kinase), protein phosphatase 1 (PP1, dual-specificity serine/threonine phosphatase), and Wiskott-Aldrich family member (WAVE1). GCK is also subject to a number of protein-protein interactions and post-translational modification events that produce a broad range of physiological consequences.

References

1.Sternisha SM,et al. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2019;663:199–213.

Metabolic Enzyme/Protease

11β-HSD(15) 15-PGDH(1) ACC(8) ACE(7) AChE(15) Adenylate Cyclase(9) ALDH(14) Aldose Reductase(5) Aminopeptidase(15) BACE(13) Casein Kinase(28) CAT(5) Cathepsin(8) CETP(10) COMT(2) CPG2(1) CYPs(4) Decarboxylase(2) Dehydrogenase(33) DGAT(4) Dopamine beta-hydroxylase(2) DPP(20) Elastase(6) FAAH(9) Factor Xa(19) Fatty Acid Synthase(6) Ftase(2) FXR(15) Glucokinase(1) GSNOR(2) Guanylate Cyclase(4) HMGCR(11) IDH(6) IDO(9) IMPDH(2) LDH(2) LDL(2) Lipase(7) Lipid(5) Lipoxygenase(0) MAGL(2) MAO(28) MMP(24) NAMPT(5) Neprilysin(4) NKCC(0) Other Targets(3) P450(34) PAI-1(5) Phosphatase(14) Phospholipase(16) PPAR(47) Protein Phosphatase/PTP(6) Renin(7) Retinoid Receptor(13) SCD(2) Steroid Sulfatase (STS)(2) Thioredoxin(1) TPH(5) Transferase(9) Vitamin(35) Xanthine Oxidase (XAO)(1)