Bone cancer is a malignant tumor of the bone that destroys the normal bone tissue. Bone cancer can be primary bone tumor that begins in bone tissue or secondary bone cancer (metastatic cancer) that is started elsewhere in the body such as the breast, lung, or prostate and metastasizes to the bone, and is named for the organ or tissue in which it originated. There are 45 major types of primary bone cancers, but the most common type is osteosarcoma, followed by chondrosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, and chondroma. Understanding the pathogenesis of any disease is the primary step of treatment. As bone cancers are complex disease process and several molecular pathways are involved with cancers, the exact carcinogenic mechanisms of bone cancers are still obscure.
There has been an aggressive undertaking of scientific investigation of various signaling pathways that could be instrumental in understanding the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. These cancer signaling pathways, including Notch, Wnt, Hedgehog, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and JAK/STAT, and their specific role in osteosarcoma.The different oncogenic pathways for chondrosarcoma have become better defined. These include alterations in pathways such as isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation, hedgehog signalling, the retinoblastoma protein and p53 pathways, apoptosis and survival mechanisms, and several tyrosine kinases. These specific alterations can be employed for use in clinical interventions in advanced chondrosarcoma.

References

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