MQAE, a fluorescent chloride ion indicator, is more sensitive and selective than 36Cl and microelectrode-based methods for chloride measurement in cells.

Rasarfin inhibits Ras and ARF6.

Amyloid β-Protein (3-42) is the precursor of Pyr peptide. Pyroglutamate-modified Aβ (pEAβ) (3-42) is the core of the amyloid template block in Alzheimer's disease. pEAβ(3-42) accelerated the aggregation of Aβ(1-42), while Aβ(1-42) significantly slowed the primary and secondary nucleation of pEAβ(3-42).