EH-201 is a low MW inducer of erythropoietin. EH-201 induces expression of erythropoietin PPAR-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) and haemoglobin in astrocytes and PC12 neuronal-like cells. In vivo EH-201 treatment restores memory impairment as assessed by the passive avoidance test in SD Aβ and KA mouse models.

Astragaloside may protect against brain contusion and neuronal apoptosis after TBI by attenuating microglia activation in male rats. Astragalosides-induced apoptosis in NB4 cells may be associated with down-regulation of the expression of BCL-2 and NF-κB finally the relative activity of caspase-3 activated.

Vanillin is mainly used as a flavouring agent, primarily in foods and beverages such as chocolate and dairy products, but also to mask unpleasant tastes in medicines or livestock fodder.