RGD Trifluoroacetate is a tripeptide that effectively triggers cell adhesion, addresses certain cell lines and elicits specific cell responses; RGD Trifluoroacetate binds to integrins.RGD Trifluoroacetate is the most effective and most often employed peptide sequence for stimulated cell adhesion on synthetic surfaces. There are 24 integrins binding to ECM molecules in a RGD dependent manner: α3β1, α5β1, α8β1, αIIbβ3, αvβ1, αvβ3, αvβ5, αvβ6, αvβ8, and to some extent α2β1 and α4β1.

Trometamol hydrochloride (Tromethamine hydrochloride) is a biologically inert amino alcohol of low toxicity, which buffers carbon dioxide and acids in vitro and in vivo.

(R)-Nepicastat HCl, the R-enantiomer of Nepicastat HCl, is a potent and selective inhibitor with IC50 of 25.1 nM and 18.3 nM for bovine and human dopamine-β-hydroxylase, with negligible affinity for twelve other enzymes and thirteen neurotransmitter receptors.