N-Lactoyl-Phenylalanine (Lac-Phe) is a peptide coupling of lactic acid and phenylalanine, one of the metabolites in acute exercise, which can be used in the study of obesity and metabolism-related diseases.

L-Citrulline is an amino acid derived from ornithine in the catabolism of proline or glutamine and glutamate or from l-arginine via arginine-citrulline pathway.

(R)-(-)-1,3-Butanediol is a novel ketogenic ester that rapidly elevates circulating r- and s-?-hydroxybutyric acid levels in healthy adults, making it useful for studying metabolic system-related diseases.