Itaconic acid also known as itaconate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids containing a branched chain. Itaconic acid exists as a solid soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Itaconic acid has been detected in multiple biofluids such as sweat and urine.

Glucose oxidase, an enzyme extracted from the fungus Aspergillus niger, is an important industrial enzyme in the food industry and is widely used in the deoxygenation of foods such as wine, beer, fruit juice, milk powder, and in the improvement of flour and prevention of browning of foods, etc. It has antioxidant and potential anticancer activities.

N-Acetyl-L-alanine is a substrate for Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) gamma-2 subunit Myelin basic protein GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran Tropomyosin alpha 4 chain HIV-1 Rev binding protein 2 Xaa-Pro dipeptidase Thymosin beta-10 Actin-like protein 3 Alanine aminotransferase Serine/threonine protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit 10 kDa heat shock protein (mitochondrial) Calmodulin and Beta-1-syntrophin.