Silybin is a flavonolignan isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seeds. Silybin induces apoptosis and exhibits hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer activity.

D-Tetrahydropalmatine is a organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) inhibitor it can obviously inhibit the uptake of monocrotaline (MCT) in MDCK-hOCT1 cells and isolate rat primary hepatocytes and attenuate the viability reduction and LDH release of the primary cultured rat hepatocytes caused by MCT.

Pilocarpine has been used to treat glaucoma, ocular hypertension and xerostomia. Pilocarpine can induce seizures.