Dihydroxyfumaric acid is a known generator of superoxide anions and by hydroxyl free radicals. Dihydroxyfumarate exposure can cause insulin inhibitory effects. It can spontaneously convert to hydroxypyruvate or to oxaloglycolate.

Cytidine 5'-diphosphate disodium produces CTP to support DNA and RNA biosynthesis and ribonucleotide reductase to produce dCMP.

Angiotensin 1 (Human) is the precursor to the vasoconstrictor peptide angiotensin II, cleaved by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure.