Cytosine is a pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. The deamination of cytosine alone is apparent and the nucleotide of cytosine is the prime mutagenic nucleotide in leukaemia and cancer.

(R)-Pantetheine (Pantetheine) is the biologically active form of VB5 (pantothenic acid), which occurs in nature in various forms of Pantetheine-containing ligands (PCL).

L-(+)-Arabinose inhibits intestinal sucrase activity, thereby reducing sucrose utilization, and consequently decreasing lipogenesis.