5'-Deoxyadenosine is an oxidized nucleoside found in the urine of normal subjects. Oxidized nucleosides represent excellent biomarkers for determining the extent of damage in genetic material which has long been of interest in understanding the mechanism of aging neurodegenerative diseases and carcinogenesis.

Malic acid is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid that plays a role in many sour or tart foods. Apples contain malic acid which contributes to the sourness of a green apple. Malic acid can make a wine taste tart although the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness.

Glucose oxidase, an enzyme extracted from the fungus Aspergillus niger, is an important industrial enzyme in the food industry and is widely used in the deoxygenation of foods such as wine, beer, fruit juice, milk powder, and in the improvement of flour and prevention of browning of foods, etc. It has antioxidant and potential anticancer activities.