D-chiro-Inositol is an epimer of myo-inositol that is found in certain mammalian glycosylphosphatidylinositol protein anchors and inositol phosphoglycans possessing insulin-like bioactivity.

4-tert-Octylphenol, an endocrine-disrupting chemical with estrogenic properties, notably induces apoptosis in offspring mouse brain neuronal progenitor cells.

Malic acid is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid that plays a role in many sour or tart foods. Apples contain malic acid which contributes to the sourness of a green apple. Malic acid can make a wine taste tart although the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness.