CAY10781 is an inhibitor of the protein-protein interaction between neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) and VEGF-A.1It inhibits the interaction by 43% when used at a concentration of 12.5 μM. CAY10781 also inhibits VEGF-A-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR2 in catecholamine A-differentiated (CAD) cells when used at the same concentration.

1,3-Butanediol (BD) is a ketogenic substance. Ketone bodies are essential energy substrates in the absence of exogenous nutrients, and more recently.

Pyrocatechol its sulfonic acid is often present in the urine of many mammals. Small amounts of catechol occur naturally in fruits and vegetables along with the enzyme polyphenol oxidase. Upon mixing the enzyme with the substrate and exposure to oxygen (as when a potato or apple is cut) the colorless catechol oxidizes to reddish-brown benzoquinone derivatives.