Acetoacetic acid sodium salt is a metabolite of non-esterified fatty acids, involved in the development of human diabetes.

An iron chelator that binds iron and aluminium; increases HIF-1α transactivation in diabetes by preventing iron-catalyzed reactive oxygen stress.

Plumbagin is a yellow dye, formally derived from naphthoquinone. It is named after the plant genus Plumbago, from which it was originally isolated.