3-Hydroxybutyric acid (or beta-hydroxybutyrate) is a ketone body. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone) levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate in blood and urine are raised in ketosis. In humans 3-hydroxybutyrate is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low.

Taurodeoxycholate sodium salt is a bile salt-related anionic detergent used for isolation of membrane proteins including inner mitochondrial membrane proteins. and it inhibits various inflammatory responses

Glycerol or glycerin is a colourless odourless viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and mostly non-toxic. It is widely used in the food industry as a sweetener and humectant and in pharmaceutical formulations.