BT173 is a novel inhibitor of homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2 ), attenuating renal fibrosis through suppression of the TGF-?1/Smad3 pathway.

PACAP (1-38), a novel neuropeptide isolated from the bovine hypothalamus is more active than vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in stimulating adenylate cyclase (EC50=7 nM). PACAP 1-38 (10-9 M) increased substance P (SP), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), and VIP release. PACAP 1-38 (10-8 M) inhibited gastrin secretion and stimulated somatostatin secretion and motility dose-dependently.

Neoechinulin A has anti-inflammatory effect against LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages through inhibition of the NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways.