Porcine dynorphin A (1-13) is a potent, endogenous κ opioid receptor agonist and is antinociceptive at physiological concentrations. Exposure to dynorphin A (1-13) causes acute increases in [Ca2+]i in individual neurons similar to increases seen with acute NMDA treatment.

BQ-3020 (TFA) is a selective ETB receptor agonist that inhibits [125I] et-1 binding to the ETB receptor in the cerebellum with a 0.2nm IC50, causing vasoconstriction.

Echinatin disturb the mitochondrial energy transfer reactions and membrane permeability, at a low concentration cause deterioration of respiratory control and oxidative phosphorylation of isolated rat liver mitochondria.