Dihydroxyfumaric acid is a known generator of superoxide anions and by hydroxyl free radicals. Dihydroxyfumarate exposure can cause insulin inhibitory effects. It can spontaneously convert to hydroxypyruvate or to oxaloglycolate.

BQ-3020 (TFA) is a selective ETB receptor agonist that inhibits [125I] et-1 binding to the ETB receptor in the cerebellum with a 0.2nm IC50, causing vasoconstriction.

SEC inhibitor KL-2 (KL-2) is a potent and selective inhibitor of the super elongation complex (SEC), showing a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the AFF4-CCNT1 interaction with a Ki of 1.50 μM.