Simetryn is a rice paddy herbicide and acts as a chemical stressor retarding tadpole growth and development without disrupting thyroid functions, even at 1/100 of the 96-h LC50 value.

Oxalic acid is a strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid.

Sesamolin protects microglia against H2O2-induced cell injury, by inhibiting of p38 MAPK and caspase-3 activation and ROS production.