Kavain a compound extracted from the Kava plant Piper methysticum is found to be involved in TNF-α expression in human and mouse cells via regulation of transcriptional factors such as NF-kB and LITAF.

（3S,4R,17R,20S)-17-Hydroxy-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl（1→2）-β-D-glucopyranosyl-28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-21,24-epoxybaccharane

3-hydroxybutyric acid is involved in the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone) levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate are raised in the blood and urine in ketosis. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis.