VIP (1-12), human, porcine, rat, ovine is a vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) fragment. VIP (1-12), human, porcine, rat, ovine is a ligand for the CD4 (T4)/human immunodeficiency virus receptor.

Camphene is a member of the class of compounds known as bicyclic monoterpenoids and exhibits a pungent aroma. It has powerful pain relieving and antioxidative properties.

Glycodeoxycholic Acid induces apoptosis in hepatocytes by a mechanism associated with DNA cleavage by endonucleases. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment.