Zederone has anti-bacterial activity,it inhibits gram-positive bacteria activity. Zederone induces hepatotoxicity implicated the induction of Cyps, which leads to the formation of biological reactive metabolites and that cause the oxidative stress and liver cell injuries.

Stachyose is a natual productit highly promotes proliferation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) by inducing LAB to produce more α-galactosidase to hydrolyze stachyose.

Tetrachlorocatechol is a metabolite of pentachlorophenol. Tetrachlorocatechol is one of the most toxic chlorinated catechol produced by the chlorobleaching of pulp and frequently found in the kraft pulp mill effluents.