Amyloid β-Protein (3-42) is the precursor of Pyr peptide. Pyroglutamate-modified Aβ (pEAβ) (3-42) is the core of the amyloid template block in Alzheimer's disease. pEAβ(3-42) accelerated the aggregation of Aβ(1-42), while Aβ(1-42) significantly slowed the primary and secondary nucleation of pEAβ(3-42).

Petunidin-3-(p-coumaroyl-rutinoside)-5-glucoside is an anthocyanin that can be isolated from potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.).

Mevalonic acid is very soluble in water and polar organic solvents.