Alisol B 23-acetate produces protective effect against ANIT-induced hepatotoxity and cholestasis, due to FXR-mediated regulation of transporters and enzymes.

Loganic acid and geniposide exhibit both sides effect on superoxide generation.

PACAP (1-38), a novel neuropeptide isolated from the bovine hypothalamus is more active than vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in stimulating adenylate cyclase (EC50=7 nM). PACAP 1-38 (10-9 M) increased substance P (SP), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), and VIP release. PACAP 1-38 (10-8 M) inhibited gastrin secretion and stimulated somatostatin secretion and motility dose-dependently.