The 4-carboxyaldehyde form of vitamin B6 which is converted to pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids neurotransmitters (serotonin norepinephrine) sphingolipids aminolevulinic acid.

3-Guanidinopropionic acid is a creatine analog that alters skeletal muscle energy expenditure.?It reduces cellular ATP creatine and phosphocreatine levels and stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activating PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α).

Capryl caprate (Decanoic acid decyl ester) is a compound obtained from extracts of Tergite glands from the abdomen of virgin queen bees.