Nonanoic acid is a fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters are the oil of pelargonium. Synthetic esters such as methyl nonanoate are used as flavorings.

4-methyl-6-phenyl-2H-pyranone is derived from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and improves mitochondrial functionality to protect astrocytes against hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity.

Foxy-5 is a peptide that mimics the WNT5A protein and is expected to reduce the mobility of the cancer cells. Foxy-5 triggers cytosolic free calcium signaling without affecting β-catenin activation and it impairs the migration and invasion of epithelial cancer cells.