C-Peptide, dog is a component of proinsulin, released from pancreatic beta cells into blood together with insulin. The C-peptide of proinsulin is important for the biosynthesis of insulin but has for a long time been considered to be biologically inert.

GRGDSPC, a 7-amino acid peptide, is a thiolated cell adhesion peptide.This peptide is an ideal novel targeted non-viral gene delivery vector, which was easy to be synthesized, high efficient and low cytotoxicity.

Lactulose is a non-absortable sugar used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.