Norswertianolin, a compound isolated from G. acuta, functions as a CSE activator and shows promise as a potential cardiovascular therapeutic.

Veratraldehyde is an organic compound that is widely used as a flavorant and odorant. The compound is structurally related to benzaldehyde.

Dihydroxyfumaric acid is a known generator of superoxide anions and by hydroxyl free radicals. Dihydroxyfumarate exposure can cause insulin inhibitory effects. It can spontaneously convert to hydroxypyruvate or to oxaloglycolate.