1,3-Butanediol (BD) is a ketogenic substance. Ketone bodies are essential energy substrates in the absence of exogenous nutrients, and more recently.

Aminomalonic acid (Ama) was first detected in alkaline hydrolysates of proteins in 1984. Ama has been isolated from proteins of Escherichia coli and human atherosclerotic plaque. The presence of Ama has important biological implications because the malonic acid moiety potentially imparts calcium binding properties to protein.

(Arg)9 (Nona-L-arginine) is a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) made up of 9 arginine residues, which is an inhibitor of serine endoprotease Furin. (Arg)9 has neuroprotective property, exhibits neuroprotective activity with an IC50 of 0.78 μM in the glutamic acid model.