Octadenol is a fatty alcohol present in human and is normally incorporated into plasmalogen lipids. Sjogren-Larsson syndrome is defined by the triad of ichthyosis mental retardation and spasticity and patients accumulate fatty alcohols such as Octadenol in the plasma and cultured fibroblasts.

L-Methionine-DL-sulfoximine inhibits glutamine synthetase and metabolically and morphologically primarily affects astroglia. L-Methionine-DL-sulfoximine can be used in convulsant studies.

Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by pancreatic α-cells. Glucagon reduces the activity of HNF-4. Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis. Glucagon enhances HNF4α phosphorylation.