Pyruvic acid is an intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates proteins and fats. In thiamine deficiency its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues especially in nervous structures.

Lupanine has a weak sedative effect on the central nervous system, interaction with specific drugs used for treatment of the CNS and for analgesic activity. Lupanine improves glucose homeostasis by influencing KATP-channels of pancreatic beta cells.

Potent, high affinity apelin receptor agonist (IC50 = 0.27 nM; Kd = 0.51 nM). Exhibits no binding GPR15 and GPR25. Activates the PI3K/AKT pathway and promotes self-renewal of hESCs via cell-cycle progression and protein translation. Also potentiates the TGFβ pathway, priming hESCs toward the endoderm lineage. Stimulates angiogenesis in HUVEC cells. Relaxes mouse aortic vessels. Functions as an anorexigenic hormone through activation of the AVP and CRH neurons in the PVN.