This is a hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1 a) 19-mer fragment. HIF-1 functions as master regulator of response to oxygen homeostasis. Hypoxia-induced gene expression is initiated when HIF-1 subunit is stabilized in response to a lack of oxygen. This part of HIF-1 binds to the von Hippel-Lindau factor (VHL) an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and the proline 564 is absolutely critical to the binding process.

Pyrocatechuic acid is a normal human benzoic acid metabolite found in plasma and has increased levels after aspirin ingestion.

Murrayone, a coumarin-containing compound extracted from M. paniculata, is the most bioactive substance in this species and is a cancer metastasis chemopreventive agent based on its unique pharmacological properties.