6-CFDA is fluorescent polyanionic probe that used to measure changes in intracellular pH (pHi) and processes such as dendrimer aggregation and absorption.

5-Ph-IAA is a derivative of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which is a plant hormone and acts as an enzyme or prodrug combination for cancer gene therapy.

3-hydroxybutyric acid is involved in the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone) levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate are raised in the blood and urine in ketosis. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis.