Amyloid β-Protein (3-42) is the precursor of Pyr peptide. Pyroglutamate-modified Aβ (pEAβ) (3-42) is the core of the amyloid template block in Alzheimer's disease. pEAβ(3-42) accelerated the aggregation of Aβ(1-42), while Aβ(1-42) significantly slowed the primary and secondary nucleation of pEAβ(3-42).

L-Threonic acid magnesium salt (L-TAMS) increases synapse density and memory ability in both aged rats and late stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model mice.

Gly-Pro-AMC hydrobromide (Gly-Pro-AMC HCl) is a specific fluorescent dye used in cytofluorescence assays to detect Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) activity.