Apelin biased agonist; exhibits bias for the G protein pathway. Stimulates endothelial NOS phosphorylation and expression, promotes proliferation, and attenuates apoptosis of human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells in vitro. Shows positive inotropic and vasodilatory effects in vivo and improves cardiac structure and function in a model of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

This is a HLA-A*0201 restricted epitope used in melanoma studies.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an anionic nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective epithelial and neural tissues. It is unique among glycosaminoglycans in that it is nonsulfated forms in the plasma membrane instead of the Golgi and can be very large with its molecular weight often reaching the millions.