Homoserine is a more reactive variant of the amino acid serine. In this variant the hydroxyl side chain contains an additional CH2 group which brings the hydroxyl group closer to its own carboxyl group allowing it to chemically react to form a five-membered ring.

2-Hydroxybutyric acid (α-Hydroxybutyric acid) is a product of protein metabolism and serves as a biomarker for type 2 diabetes and pre-eclampsia.

L(+)-Asparagine monohydrate is a non-essential amino acid participate in neurological and metabolic regulation of tissue cell function.