5-Hydroxymethyluracil is an oxidation damage product derived from thymine or 5-methylcytosine. It is a product of thymine dioxygenase. Additional deamination products such as 5-hydroxymethyluracil are formed when cells are under oxidative stress that is induced either by oxidizing agents or by mitochondrial dysfunction.

Dehydrocostuslactone is a natural product extracted from Aucklandia.

Aftin-4, an amyloid forty-two inducer, activates γ-secretase, promoting the generation of amyloid-β-1-42 (Aβ1-42) from amyloid-β protein precursor.