QS-21, an immunostimulatory saponin, is a powerful vaccine adjuvant that stimulates both Th2 humoral and Th1 cell-mediated immune responses by interacting with antigen presenting cells (APCs) and T cells.

β-Amyloid (1-43)(human) is more prone to aggregation and has higher toxic properties than the long-known Aβ1-42. β-Amyloid (1-43)(human) shows a correlation with both sAPPα and sAPPβ. β-Amyloid (1-43)(human) could be considered an added Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarker together with the others already in use.

2-Hydroxycaproic acid is a branched-chain alpha-keto acid that has been reported in normal human blood and in normal amniotic fluid. It has been found that 2-Hydroxycaproic acid is the most significant metabolite found in the CSF of patients infected with Nocardia.