Propionic acid (PA) is widely used as an antifungal agent in food. It is present naturally at low levels in dairy products and occurs ubiquitously together with other short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and other mammals as an end-product of the microbial digestion of carbohydrates.

Campesterol is a plant sterol with cholesterol lowering and anticarcinogenic effects, it and other plant sterols often decrease LDL cholesterol levels overall. Campesterol has anti-inflammatory effect, it inhibits several pro-inflammatory and matrix degradation mediators typically involved in osteoarthritis- induced cartilage degradation, also sometimes used to treat some specific prostate conditions.

D-Threonine is one of the metabolites of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.