Non-competitive nicotinic cholinergic antagonist; selectively inhibits nicotinic-stimulated catecholamine secretion from chromaffin cells and noradrenergic neurons (IC50 ~ 200 nM). Blocks nicotinic-induced cationic signaling (IC50 ~ 200 - 250 nM) and inhibits nicotinic-agonist induced desensitization of catecholamine release. Also stimulates mast cell release of histamine via a separate mechanism.

Sanguinine (O-Desmethyl galanthamine) is galanthamine-type alkaloid and it is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, with an IC50 1.83 μM.

(?)-Nicotine is the dominant form of the natural alkaloid nicotine. It acts as an agonist of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and possesses addictive and teratogenic properties. (?)-(S)-Nicotine is significantly more active at binding nAChRs compared to the (+)-(R) antipode thus nicotine is typically synthesized as (?)-(S)-nicotine with only 0.2-1% of the (+)-(R) isomer present.