HIF-1 alpha (556-574) is a hypoxia-inducible factor-1 19-mer fragment. HIF-1 functions as master regulator of response to oxygen homeostasis. Hypoxia-induced gene expression is initiated when HIF-1subunit is stabilized in response to a lack of oxygen. This part of HIF-1 binds to the von Hippel-Lindau factor (VHL) an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and the proline 564 is absolutely vital to the binding process.

N-Dodecyl-β-D-maltoside (Lauryl Maltoside) is a derivatives of pyrene (Py), and it is a alkyl maltopyranoside detergent, especially in transporters and respiratory complexes.

Phthalate ester used as plasticizers and additives. Used in toxicology studies as well as risk assessment studies of food contamination that occurs via migration of phthalates into foodstuffs from food-contact materials (FCM).