D-Pyroglutamic acid (PCA) is a cyclic derivative of glutamic acid physiologically present in mammalian tissues. It has been shown that PCA releases GABA from the cerebral cortex and displays anti-anxiety effects in a simple approach-avoidance conflict situation in the rat.

2,5-Dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone is a non-genotoxic flavoring substance.

D(-)-Tartaric acid found in many plants particularly tamarinds and grapesit?is used to generate carbon dioxide through interaction with sodium bicarbonate following oral administration.?