5-Methylcytosine is a methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In animals the DNA methylation of cytosine to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In plants the methylated sequence is CpNpGp where N can be any base. 5-Methylcytosine is an epigenetic modification formed by the action of DNA methyltransferases.

Rhynchophylline can protect against ischemic damage, probably via regulating the Akt/mTOR pathway.

Kirenol has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-arthritic activities.