Crotonic acid is fatty acid formed by the action of fatty acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. It is involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis. It is also found in water extracts from carrot seeds (Daucus carota L.).

IDE1 can induce definitive endoderm from embryonic stem cells. It has been shown to induce the differentiation of Sox17+/FoxA2+-expressing pancreatic progenitors from human and mouse embryonic stems cells.

The major human metabolite a bile acid which inhibits radioligand binding to muscarinic M1 but not to M2 or M3 receptors.