Glycodeoxycholic Acid induces apoptosis in hepatocytes by a mechanism associated with DNA cleavage by endonucleases. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment.

Nystose is a tetrasaccharide with two fructose molecules linked via beta (1→2) bonds to the fructosyl moiety of sucrose.

MPEP hydrochloride is an effective and highly specific non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50: 36 nM).