Shikonin is an TMEM16A chloride channel inhibitor (IC50: 6.5 μM). Shikonin is also a selective PKM2 inhibitor and can also suppress activation of the NF-κB pathway and inhibit TNF-α.

Sodium Hydrogen Sulfide (hydrate) is, like nitric oxide, an important gaseous mediator that has significant effects on the immunological, neurological, cardiovascular and pulmonary systems of mammals.

3,3'-Bi[1H-indole] is a marine derived natural products found in Nocardiopsis sp.