Esculentoside A can suppress inflammatory responses in LPS-induced ALI through inhibition of the NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways.

Korepimedoside C (Epimedin I), a flavonol glycoside, is isolated from the aerial parts of Epimedium koreanum Nakai. Epimedium koreanum Nakai is a famous Chinese herbal medicine for the research of impotence, osteoporosis, immune suppression and cardiovascular diseases.

Rehmannioside B is a desacyl derivative of Picrorhizaoside B, which can be isolated from the methanol extract of the rhizomes of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. (Plantaginaceae).