Glycodeoxycholic Acid induces apoptosis in hepatocytes by a mechanism associated with DNA cleavage by endonucleases. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment.

n-Tridecane is both a stress compound released by the brown marmorated stink bugs and an volatile oil component isolated from essential oil of Piper aduncum L. Tridecane.

Hydroxysaikosaponin C is a natural product that can be isolated from the root of Bupleurum falcatum.