Pimonidazole hydrochloride accumulates in hypoxic cells via covalent binding with macromolecules or by forming reductive metabolites after the reduction of its nitro group.

KGDS is synthetic peptides, targeting integrin GPIIb-IIIa located on the membrane of human activated platelets. Amino acid sequence: Lys-Gly-Asp-Ser.

Ethyl potassium malonate, a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase, acts as a precursor to produce (trimethylsilyl)ethyl malonate, which is utilized to prepare beta-ketoesters by acylation and serves as an intermediate for the preparation of ethyl tert-butyl malonate.