Potent, high affinity apelin receptor agonist (IC50 = 0.27 nM; Kd = 0.51 nM). Exhibits no binding GPR15 and GPR25. Activates the PI3K/AKT pathway and promotes self-renewal of hESCs via cell-cycle progression and protein translation. Also potentiates the TGFβ pathway, priming hESCs toward the endoderm lineage. Stimulates angiogenesis in HUVEC cells. Relaxes mouse aortic vessels. Functions as an anorexigenic hormone through activation of the AVP and CRH neurons in the PVN.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate plasticizer is used to impart softness and flexibility to PVC products. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate has been implicated in obesity and insulin resistance. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and adversely affects the endocrine system.

β-Endorphin, equine (TFA) is an endogenous opioid peptide, which binds at high affinity to both μ/δ opioid receptors.