2-Methoxystypandrone displays an immunomodulatory effect in a cellular model, it blocks inflammatory responses by impairing NF-?oB signaling to limit the inflammation and oxidative stress for preservation of BBB integrity.

Silyamandin may have antihepatotoxic and chemopreventive activities.

Caproic acid is a colorless oily liquid that smells like cheese. It is a fatty acid found naturally in various animal fats and oils. Hexanoic acid is a resistance priming inducer that protects tomato plants from Botrytis cinerea.