Elgodipine significantly reduced the incidence and severity of exercise-induced angina pectoris systemically and was able to inhibit vascular smooth muscle proliferation through a mechanism independent of the expression of the transcription factors c-fos and c-jun.

Neuropeptide S human (TFA) is a potent endogenous neuropeptide S receptor agonist (EC50=9.4 nM).

Mesoxalic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm within the cell. Mesoxalic acid can be biosynthesized from malonic acid. Outside of the human body mesoxalic acid can be found in cereals and cereal products common pea and herbs and spices.